Apr 15, 2021
Today we celebrate a Swedish botanist with a famous father who
observed flashes of light emitting from her nasturtiums.
We'll also learn about a modern-day forest advocate and
conservationist on a mission to create something he calls a primary
forest in France.
We’ll hear a poem about spring from the charming Christina Georgina
Rossetti.
We Grow That Garden Library™ with a book that calls us to lead a
wilder life - connecting with nature to find balance, energy, and
restoration.
And then we’ll wrap things up with the story of a botanist who was
the inspiration for the term that I use to describe the sweet
little stories I end the show with every day - botanic sparks.
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Important Events
April 15, 1782
Today is the anniversary of the death of the Swedish botanist and
the daughter of Carl Linnaeus, Elisabeth Christina von Linné, known
to her family as Lisa Stina.
Lisa Stina fell in love with one of her father’s star pupils,
Daniel Solander. Linnaeus himself approved of the relationship. He
had high hopes that Daniel might become not only his future
son-in-law but also his backfill as the Professor of Botany at
Uppsala.
Yet after spending time in England, Daniel elected not to return to
Sweden. He would never again return to his home country. Despite
sending letters referring to Lisa Stina as his “sweetest
mamselle,” London was too exciting, and Daniel informed
Linnaeus by post that he would not be coming back. In the ensuing
years, Linnaeus would often refer to Daniel, the pupil that got
away, as "the ungrateful Solander."
Daniel would go on to travel with Joseph Banks in Captain James
Cook's first circumnavigation of the globe on
the Endeavor. Back home in England, Daniel became
Joseph Banks' personal secretary and librarian. But his work was
cut short when he died from a brain aneurysm at the age of 46.
As for Lisa Stina, she ended up unhappily married to a grandson of
Rudbeck - the man for whom the Rudbeckia or Black-Eyed Susans are
named.
But when she was 19 (and in love with Daniel Solander), Lisa Stina
published a paper about a little-known occurrence that came to be
known as the “Elizabeth Linnaeus Phenomenon.” Lisa Stina had
been in her family’s garden at twilight, and she had observed
flashes of light coming from nasturtium flowers. She told her
father that the brighter reddish blossoms were the main source of
the light. In her paper, she questioned whether the light came from
the flowers themselves or if the flashing was an illusion. At the
time, scientists could not discern the validity of her
observations, and some even dismissed her observation altogether -
assuming she’d imagined it.
But 150 years later, a German professor would uncover the mystery
of the flashing flowers, which turns out to be an optical illusion
that occurs at twilight. When the light bounces off the red color
of the nasturtiums in contrast to the green leaves, the eye
perceives it as a flash of light.
The same effect can happen with other bright-colored flowers, like
Sunflowers, Calendulas, and African Marigolds. If you want to try
to replicate it, you need to try to view the blooms at sunset using
your peripheral vision.
The poet, Samuel Taylor Coleridge, wrote about the Elizabeth
Linnaeus Phenomenon in one of his verses:
'Tis said, in summer's evening hour
Flashes the golden-colored flower
A fair electric flame...
The etymology of Nasturtium is Latin 'nasus torsus' and means 'nose
twist or nose torment.’ The word “nose” is found in many common
names like the Nose Tickler due to the peppery sinus-clearing taste
of the leaves. The flower tastes a bit sweeter.
April 15, 1938
Today is the birthday of the French botanist, biologist, and
conservationist Francis Hallé.
Francis has spent over forty years studying the ecology of tropical
forests and the architecture of their trees. These scientific areas
of study have shaped how Francis views not only trees and forests
but also our planet and the future.
Atlas Obscura wrote an excellent feature article
about Francis called "The Botanist Who Made Fantastical Sketches of
Rain Forest Flora.”
Francis’s book, The
Atlas of Poetic Botany, is one of my favorites -
it offers a Seussical charm thanks to Francis’s whimsical artwork.
In 2018, Francis wrote,
“I draw mainly to get around language difficulties. The French
language is made for humans and, in a pinch, for animals, but not
at all for plants. Leaving the Latin that we use to name these
[plants], we lack the vocabulary to describe their way of
life."
As Francis likes to say, he respects the poetry of all living
things - and this is a clue to the etymology of the title of
Francis’s book, The Atlas of Poetic Botany.
In The
Atlas, Francis gives us a tour of the
rainforest and the rare plant life that can be found only under the
canopy of the forest’s magnificent trees. Francis introduces us to
a plant with a single, enormous leaf, an invasive hyacinth, a
walking tree, and a dancing vine - just to name a few.
Francis also shares the history and lore of the many plants he
profiles - like Queen Victoria's rubber tree and the moabi
tree (the bark is believed to give the power of invisibility).
Francis celebrates the wonders of the plant kingdom by sharing
specimens with incredible characteristics: a flower that draws
energy from trees; plants that can imitate other plants; a fern
with cloning power; and a tree creates rain. And all this
biodiversity is impossible without the protective covering of the
rainforest.
Today Francis is passionate about forests. In a recent interview
this winter, Francis said,
“Plants are much smarter than us... They improve their
environment while we destroy ours. Humans are trees' greatest
enemy. Of course… parasites kill some, that storms bring down those
with weak roots and [stunted] fibers, but all this serves to
improve the species, according to the laws of evolution. While we…
deprive the equatorial forests of their tallest, upright trees, the
most beautiful, leaving the lower trees. This madness will continue
as long as there is a tree left to make money; I have no
illusions.”
In 2019, Francis started an 800-year rewilding project - an
initiative called the Association for Primary Forest. This project
aims to create a primary forest in Europe in an area that would
encompass 70,000 hectares. Francis said,
“I dream of a forest with zero management, like those I've had
the privilege to see in the tropics. For me, a primary forest
offers the ultimate biological diversity, as well as the best in
planetary aesthetics."
A primary forest is a forest that has not been cleared, exploited
or modified in any way by man. Primary forests differ from
plantation forests because plantation trees are planted to be used
or harvested. In contrast, a primary forest would be planted to
allow it to develop freely over millennia. Primary forests are
precious spaces. According to Francis, they offer much more carbon
capture than secondary forests. And Francis calls primary forests
summits of biodiversity. Primary forests also offer climate
regulation and replenishment of water resources - along with
countless other benefits.
In 2021, when Elon Musk announced his $100 million award for the
best ideas to capture carbon, Francis Hallé quickly responded that
his primary forest initiative was the ultimate carbon capture
solution. We’ll see if Elon agrees.
It was Francis Hallé who said,
"I wonder if our initial relationship to trees is aesthetic
rather than scientific. When we come across a beautiful #tree, it
is an extraordinary thing."
Unearthed Words
A Robin said: The Spring will never come,
And I shall never care to build again.
A Rosebush said: These frosts are wearisome,
My sap will never stir for sun or rain.
The half Moon said: These nights are fogged and slow,
I neither care to wax nor care to wane.
The Ocean said: I thirst from long ago,
Because earth's rivers cannot fill the main. —
When Springtime came, red Robin built a nest,
And trilled a lover's song in sheer delight.
Grey hoarfrost vanished, and the Rose with might
Clothed her in leaves and buds of crimson core.
The dim Moon brightened. Ocean sunned his crest,
Dimpled his blue, yet thirsted evermore.
― Christina Rossetti, English poet, A Winter Sonnet
Grow That Garden Library
A Wilder Life by Celestine
Maddy (“Cell-ah-steen”)
This book came out in 2016, and the subtitle is A
Season-by-Season Guide to Getting in Touch with Nature
In this book, Celestine urges us to garden with a greater purpose
than simply growing plants for food and beauty. She wants us to
connect with our gardens and refresh our spirits.
Celestine was the founder of Wilder Quarterly - A magazine for
people enthralled by the natural world. The magazine ran from 2011
to 2013.
A Wilder Life is a beautiful coffee table book that
offers tips for connecting with nature. Celestine’s ideas include
planting a night-blooming Garden, learning to read the Stars,
creating a habitat for butterflies, dying your clothes with natural
dyes, building an outdoor shelter, and learning to identify insects
- just to name a few. Celestine’s book and projects embraced
the simple life trend that started after the year 2000.
Celestine's book is divided into seasons and within each season are
five main sections: growing (which covers suggested plants),
cooking (a fantastic section with seasonal recipes), Home & Self
Reliance, Beauty & Healing, and Wilderness (a guide to appreciating
all that nature offers in the season).
This book is 272 pages of restoration and connection with nature by
living a wilder life.
You can get a copy of A Wilder Life by Celestine Maddy and
support the show using the Amazon Link in today's Show Notes for
around $3
Today’s Botanic Spark
Reviving the little botanic spark in your heart
April 15, 1791
Today is the anniversary of the death of the English botanist
Alexander Garden.
Alexander’s story is a fascinating one - starting with the fact
that he had the perfect last name for a botanist: Garden. The
Gardenia flower is named for him.
After immigrating from England, Alexander had settled in
Charleston, South Carolina.
Now, if you’ve ever wondered how I came up with the term botanic
spark to describe the sweet stories that I ended the show with, it
was a term I read in a letter written by Alexander Garden.
One summer, Alexander found himself stuck in Charleston - while
many of his botanist friends were off exploring and botanizing.
In a letter to the botanist, John Bartram, Alexander wrote,
"Think that I am here, confined to the sandy streets of
Charleston, where the ox, where the ass, and where man, as stupid
as either, fill up the vacant space while you range the green
fields of Florida.”
And to John Ellis, who sent Alexander detailed accounts of his
botanizing, Alexander wrote:
"I know that every letter which I receive not only revives the
little botanic spark in my breast but even increases its quantity
and flaming force."
When the Revolutionary War began, Alexander sided with the British,
even though he sympathized with the colonists. Alexander’s son,
Alex Jr., fought against the British. As a consequence, Alexander
and his son became permanently estranged. They never forgave each
other.
A biographical sketch of Alexander sadly reported that Alexander’s
son had a little girl he had named Gardenia. But after the two men
became estranged, Alexander never met his little granddaughter with
the flower name that honored the botanical work of her
grandfather.
When the war was over, Alexander and other British sympathizers
were punished. In Alexander’s case, his property was confiscated,
and he was forced to leave South Carolina. After losing everything,
Alexander and his wife and two daughters went to live in London,
where he became vice-president of the Royal Society. He died of
tuberculosis, at age 61, on this day in 1791.
Thanks for listening to The Daily Gardener.
And remember:
"For a happy, healthy life, garden every day."